No jab, no international travel? Linking TRA, mass media, motivation, and experience

Despite mixed emotions about COVID-19 vaccination as a precondition for international travel, COVID-19 vaccination is being advocated as one of the instruments that could facilitate safe free movement during the COVID-19 pandemic. Accordingly, the purpose of the present research is to distinguish the underlying mechanisms that could predict individuals' intentions to take the COVID-19 vaccine as a precondition for international travel. The conceptual framework was built on the extended theory of reasoned action (TRA), which incorporates mass media coverage, travel motivations, and previous travel experience. An online purposive sampling technique was utilized in this study, and 1188 responses were collected. Subsequently, structural equation modeling was utilized to test the proposed model. The originality of the present study lies with unraveling the mechanisms that affect the intention to take the COVID-19 vaccine as a precondition for international travel. In addition, the discussions are presented in subsequent sections of the paper.

Using Rational Choice Theory to Explore Factors Impacting Contact Tracing Application Adoption

Effective contact tracing is an important tool in trying to control the spread of highly infectious diseases. Utilizing the theory of reasoned action and rational choice theory, this study explores factors impacting the adoption of mobile contact tracing application. Findings indicate that perceived benefits of usage and perceived costs of non-usage positively impact an individual's attitude toward usage intention, while information security concern as perceived cost of usage has a negative effect.

Risk or benefit? Economic and sociocultural impact of P2P accommodation on community resilience, consumer perception and behavioral intention

PurposeDrawing on the social exchange theory, stakeholder theory and extended theory of reasoned action, this study aims to investigate how consumers view the economic and sociocultural impacts (benefits/costs) of peer-to-peer (P2P) accommodations on the local community's resilience and how consumers form behavioral intentions toward P2P accommodation as a part of sustainable tourism behavior.Design/methodology/approachWith data from a survey of 300 consumers who have previously used P2P accommodation, the authors performed partial least squares-structural equation modeling to test the proposed model and hypotheses.FindingsThe current study reveals the significant impact of the sociocultural benefits of P2P accommodations on consumers' perceived community resilience, while economic benefits have a non-significant impact on perceived community resilience. Moreover, neither the sociocultural nor economic costs of P2P accommodation significantly reduce consumers' perceived community resilience. Furthermore, the authors found significant positive relationships among perceived community resilience, attitude, subjective norm, personal norm and behavioral intentions.Practical implicationsP2P accommodation platforms can leverage these research findings and contribute to the community resilience and help community residents by establishing strategic collaboration with various stakeholders (e.g. governments, destination marketing organizations and non-profit organizations) for the community's sustainable development.Originality/valueThis study systematically investigates the role of P2P accommodation in achieving community resilience by categorizing the impacts of P2P accommodation into economic and sociocultural benefits/costs.

Do cognitive, affective and social needs influence mobile learning adoption in emergency remote teaching?

Transitioning to mobile learning or M-Learning in medical education has been challenging due to its subscription to the clinical-based method of knowledge transfer. This shift was accelerated despite the challenges of COVID-19 in what research refers to as Emergency Remote Teaching or ERT. While this modality supported learning continuity, it was evident that online classes have become avenues for students to socially engage with others to meet various psychological needs to buffer pandemic stress. We hypothesized that cognitive, affective, and social needs positively influence learners' attitude towards M-Learning, which leads to its adoption. Given that peers highly influence medical professionals, we further hypothesized that the beliefs of others or social norms have a positive influence on the behavioral intention to use M-Learning. We added psychological needs as influencing factors to Theory of Reasoned Action constructs to develop a structural model, deployed an online survey, and analyzed 219 responses from healthcare students in the Philippines using Partial Least Squares – Structural Equation Modeling or PLS-SEM. We confirm that cognitive, affective, and social needs are psychological factors that influence students' attitude towards mobile learning. While attitude can lead to the behavioral intention to adopt mobile learning, social norms do not exhibit a positive influence at a significant level. We discuss our results from the perspective of a developing economy during a pandemic and provide the implications of its findings to theory, academe, and technology. © The Author(s).

COVID-19 pandemic: what drives consumers' willingness to purchase organic food?

The consumption of organic food is increasing globally due to heightening awareness of its benefits in terms of nutrients such as antioxidants and minerals as compared to conventional food. Organic food is also safer to consume as it is farmed without using human-made or artificial chemical fertilizers, pesticides, growth hormones or regulators and feed additives. Nevertheless, very few studies have been conducted to understand the demand side in purchasing organic foods, especially during the COVID-19 outbreak. Hence, this study aimed to investigate the underlying factors that drive consumers' willingness to purchase organic foods during the inevitable challenge of the COVID-19 pandemic, based on the two underpinning theories;Theory of Reasoned Action (TRA) and the Protection Motivation Theory (PMT). A questionnaire-based survey was distributed using WhatsApp messaging to 100 respondents as this method was deemed safer compared to the face-to-face method during the pandemic. PLS-SEM was employed to test the structural relationship of the constructs proposed in the model. The results indicated that response efficacy, attitudes, and subjective norm had a significant influence on consumers' willingness to purchase organic food. The remaining constructs based on the PMT model had no impact on willingness. Further investigation revealed that response efficacy was the most important factor driving consumers to purchase organic food during the COVID-19 pandemic.Copyright © 2023 The Authors. Published by Rynnye Lyan Resources.

How to improve consumers' travel intentions under the COVID-19 pandemic: An empirical study in China

One of the most challenging issues confronting tour operators is how to improve consumers' travel intention after the COVID-19 pandemic. Considering the immediacy of the situation, existing studies exploring this problem are necessarily limited. Based on a theory of reasoned action, this paper proposes a research model to investigate factors influencing consumers' travel intentions in the wake of the pandemic. Using structural equation modeling analysis of 826 consumers in China, the results showed that: (1) physical risk had the greatest negative impact on consumers' attitudes toward travel, followed by psychological risk;(2) physical risk had a negative effect on consumers' subjective norms, while the effect of psychological risk on consumers' subjective norms was not significant;(3) risk perception, including physical and psychological risk, affected consumers' travel intentions through subjective norms and attitudes;and (4) consumers' perceptions of the seriousness of the pandemic and travel experience act as a negative moderators between attitude toward travel and travel intentions. The conclusions of this study provide vital information for tour operators to create viable and sustainable operations in this time of crisis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR] Copyright of International Journal of Sustainable Transportation is the property of Taylor & Francis Ltd and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Principals' Perceptions of Online Teaching and Learning in School After the Outbreak of the Pandemic

The current study aims to analyse school leaders' understanding and expectation of, and support for, online teaching and learning during and after the outbreak of the COVID-19 pandemic. Based on the theory of reasoned action (TRA) framework, the authors designed a questionnaire and collected 319 responses from school principals about their views on online teaching and learning. Structural equation modelling revealed that principals' understanding was significantly associated with their expectations and support. Together with a thematic analysis, this study indicated that school principals understood online teaching and learning. The most expected item was students' ownership and access to a suitable device for online learning. Principals were willing to support students' self-regulated learning through online teaching. They appealed for more support for the infrastructure needed to ensure teachers' and students' privacy and security in online teaching and learning. They had suggestions for teacher development to tackle learner diversity in the online mode.

Exploring the impact of perceived risk and trust on tourist acceptance intentions in the post-COVID-19 era: A case study of Hainan residents.

Hainan, is the only free trade port that also exudes quintessence of the culture of China. Tourism is one of Hainan's most lucrative industries. On the one hand, the regional economy is flourishing and on the other hand, the economy is facing unprecedented impacts from the COVID-19 pandemic. In response to the affected global market environment, this study investigates Hainan residents' acceptance intentions, or tolerance, of tourists. Here, based on the theory of reasoned action, which includes "subjective norm" combined with "trust," "perceived risk," and "perceived value." Using "resident attitude" as a mediator, theoretical research frameworks were developed. A total of 447 valid responses were collected using online and paper-copy questionnaires distributed to Hainan residents from 15 July 2021 to 10 November 2021. The data from the questionnaires were used for three analyses namely, descriptive statistical analysis, measurement model verification, and structural equation modeling analysis. Findings show a positive effect of trust on residents' attitudes in Hainan; perceived value and subjective norm showed a positive effect on resident acceptance intentions for tourism; the perceived risk of residents showed a more negative effect on attitudes toward tourists, but the influence was small. Finally, through the results of the study, theoretical and practical implications in a post-pandemic era are discussed.

The effect of information overload and perceived risk on tourists' intention to travel in the post-COVID-19 pandemic.

Since the COVID-19 pandemic, the tourism economy has been seriously affected. China has implemented a direct traveling management mechanism and recovered from the pandemic faster than the rest of the world. However, the COVID-19 situation is complicated and uncontrollable because of the available unclear information including difficult medical terminologies. This study attempts to find the determinants of the travel intention of China's tourists in the post-COVID-19 epidemic. Along with information overload and perception risk, an expanded research model of the Theory of Planned Behavior (TPB) was employed to propose the theoretical framework of this study. A survey was conducted among 518 tourists who spend their holiday in Hainan, which is a popular tourist destination in China. The empirical results show that information overload positively and significantly impacted perceived risk. Furthermore, perceived risk negatively affects the intention to travel. Perceived risk also negatively affected the attitude toward traveling. However, response self-efficacy did not have a significant effect on the intention to travel. Finally, based on the analysis results, this study proposes relevant research contributions and practical recommendations with management implications for the travel industries.

E-books Purchase Intention During the Covid-19 Pandemic in Southern Region of Malaysia

This study aims to explore the effects of price, accessibility, and brand image on e-books purchase intention in Southern Region of Malaysia. A total of 237 questionnaires were collected online from e-book users.Partial least square structure equation modeling was employed to evaluate the research model and hypotheses.The results showed that only price had a positive effect on e-books purchase intention, but accessibility and brand image do not have significant effect on e-books purchase intention.This research givesremarkable theoretical contributionsby exploringthese elements amidst the COVID-19 situation as components of theory of reasoned action,and their effects on e-books purchase intention. This study likewise gives imperative insights to business organizations especially book publisher to consider better price as the business initiative to gain a competitive advantage in the market.

A model to assess the adoption of e-learning tools by professors in the context of COVID-19

In this paper, we propose a model to assess the adoption of e-learning tools by professors in the context of COVID-19. The proposed model was constructed by combining three technology adoption models: the Theory of Reasoned Action, the Theory of Planned Behavior, and the Technology Acceptance Model. This study followed a quantitative methodology based on the collection of data from 123 questionnaires administered to professors from different higher education institutions in Medellín (Colombia). According to the results, the variables that most influence the adoption of e-learning tools by professors are compatibility, self-efficacy, previous experience, satisfaction, infrastructure, administrative intervention, social influence, and technical support. IEEE

The Effect of Fear and Social Distancing on Chatbot Service Usage during a Pandemic: An Abstract

Social distancing is an important non-pharmaceutical intervention that policymakers rely heavily on to stop the spread of COVID-19. In spite of its benefits, the practice of social distancing has been associated with negative consequences, such as the loss of motivation (Williams et al. 2020) and increased levels of anxiety (Tuzovic and Kabadayi 2020). Given the mixed views on the practice, in this research, we seek to examine what factor would influence customers’ evaluations of the practice and how the evaluations affect their behavior of using service technologies (e.g., chatbot technologies), which can help organizations limit human-to-human contact during service encounters (Gursoy and Chi 2020;Shin and Kang 2020). To answer these research questions, we propose a theoretical model by drawing upon the theory of reasoned action (Ajzen and Fishbein 1980;Fishbein and Ajzen 1975) and the feeling-as-information literature (Schwarz 2012). To examine the hypothesized model, we conducted an experimental study and recruited 200 U.S. consumers to participate in the study. The results show general support for our hypothesized relationships such that in a utilitarian (hedonic) service situation, customers’ fear of being contaminated affects their usage of chatbot services via their positive attitudes (subjective norms) toward social distancing and then their perceived usefulness of chatbots in practicing social distancing. We seek to provide meaningful theoretical contributions and practical implications through this research. First, as the theory of reasoned action has largely overlooked the influence of situational and emotional factors, we extend this theory by examining the moderating influence of service situations and by suggesting fear as a possible antecedent to subjective norms and attitudes. Second, our research contributes to the literature on chatbot services by proposing that, in addition to the perceptions toward chatbots, the perceptions toward a social interaction practice can also influence customers’ willingness to interact with chatbot service agents. Third, we broaden the growing body of social distancing literature by answering Ali et al.’s (2021) call to examine how social distancing can influence customers’ behavior during service encounters. Finally, we offer practical implications for managing frontline encounters during a pandemic. © 2022, The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Switzerland AG.

Predicting the COVID-19 vaccine receive intention based on the theory of reasoned action in the south of Iran.

BACKGROUND: Vaccination against Covid 19 disease was based on rational practice theory. One of the most effective methods to control the COVID-19 pandemic is extensive vaccination coverage in the shortest time. The relevant beliefs and predictors of COVID-19 vaccine and the barriers to and facilitators of receiving COVID-19 vaccine should be identified. Individuals' intention to receive COVID-19 and the effective factors are of an utmost importance. This study aimed to predict intention to receive COVID-19 vaccine in the South of Iran. METHODS: This cross-sectional study was performed over a period of 2 months (May 2021 to July 2021) in 4 southern provinces in Iran. The study population of this study included people over 18 years of age who did not receive the COVID-19 vaccine. The online questionnaire was used to collect data. We recruited participants through a self-selection sampling method and posted the online survey link. The questionnaire had two parts: demographic information and Theory of Reasoned Action (TRA) questions. All statistical calculations and hypotheses tests were performed using SPSS21 and Amos21 software and the significance level was considered 0.05. RESULTS: A total number of 2556 people participated in this study with a mean age of 37.76 (10.7) of years (Age Range = 18-75). The findings showed that attitudes and subjective norms and the use of social media predict the intention to receive COVID-19 vaccine. SEM showed that attitude (ß = 0.596, P < 0.001), subjective norms (ß = 0.265, P < 0.001) were significant predictors of vaccination intention. In this study, 78% of people were willing to receive the vaccine when they were officially allowed to. CONCLUSION: According to the results of the study, it is suggested to strengthen positive attitudes and subjective norms about the importance of COVID-19 vaccination as well as using social media to inform the community in order increase the intention to vaccinate COVID-19 and increase vaccine coverage.

Differences in Preventive Behaviors of COVID-19 between Urban and Rural Residents: Lessons Learned from A Cross-Sectional Study in China.

Purpose: The purpose of this study is to examine the differences in preventive behaviors of COVID-19 between urban and rural residents, as well as identify the factors that might contribute to such differences. Methods: Our online survey included 1591 participants from 31 provinces of China with 87% urban and 13% rural residents. We performed multiple linear regressions and path analysis to examine the relationship between rural status and behavioral intention, attitude, subjective norms, information appraisal, knowledge, variety of information source use, and preventive behaviors against COVID-19. Findings: Compared with urban residents, rural residents were less likely to perform preventive behaviors, more likely to hold a negative attitude toward the effectiveness of performing preventive behaviors, and more likely to have lower levels of information appraisal skills. We identified information appraisal as a significant factor that might contribute to the rural/urban differences in preventive behaviors against COVID-19 through attitude, subjective norms, and intention. We found no rural/urban differences in behavioral intention, subjective norms, knowledge about preventive behaviors, or the variety of interpersonal/media source use. Conclusions: As the first wave of the pandemic inundated urban areas, the current media coverage about COVID-19 prevention may not fully satisfy the specific needs of rural populations. Thus, rural residents were less likely to engage in a thoughtful process of information appraisal and adopt the appropriate preventive measures. Tailoring health messages to meet rural populations' unique needs can be an effective strategy to promote preventive health behaviors against COVID-19.

Physicians’ self-efficacy, beliefs and intentions to provide tobacco cessation services: A cross-sectional study in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia

INTRODUCTION Prevalence of tobacco use in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (KSA) is 12.2% and negatively impacting the health of the population. Diseases such as lung cancer, heart diseases, and poor prognosis of COVID-19 can be prevented by tobacco cessation. Physicians are trusted among patients and therefore are well-positioned to provide tobacco cessation services, however, their attitudes about such services are unknown. Our purpose is to assess attitudes about providing tobacco cessation services among physicians practicing in KSA. METHODS This study is questionnaire-based and of cross-sectional design. We applied the Theory of Reasoned Action (TRA) framework to guide our study. Twenty percent (n=25) of primary care centers were randomly selected. A paper-based survey was administered to 291 physicians practicing in the selected primary care centers, each item mapped onto one of the seven TRA constructs. Constructs assessed were: demographics, self-efficacy, knowledge, subjective beliefs, normative beliefs, control beliefs, and intentions to provide tobacco cessation services. Constructs were measured with latent variables, and associations were estimated in a structural equation path model. RESULTS The majority (71%) of physicians reported minimal or no training on tobacco cessation. The average score for tobacco treatment knowledge was 4.09 out of 10 questions. On a scale of 1 to 5, the mean score for intention to provide tobacco cessation services was 3.26. Mean scores for subjective, normative, and control beliefs were 3.45, 3.41, and 3.43, respectively. Mean score for self-efficacy was 3.38. Self-efficacy had a strong influence on intention to provide cessation services via several pathways. CONCLUSIONS Due to lack of prior training among physicians, we recommend delivering future tobacco cessation training. Such training would be effective, given that scores on self-efficacy, beliefs, and intentions, in this study indicate a promising attitude toward the provision of tobacco cessation services. © 2021. Elkhadragy N. et al. This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non Commercial 4.0 International License. (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0).

Declared Intention (Not) to Be Vaccinated against COVID-19, and Actual Behavior-The Longitudinal Study in the Polish Sample.

AIMS: The aim of the study was to investigate the relation between declared intention to get/not get vaccinated against COVID-19, prior to the start of the global vaccination program, and actual vaccine uptake. Moreover, reasons for getting vaccinated or rejecting it were measured along with declared intent and behavior. METHODS: Within a longitudinal design, a representative sample of 918 Polish people was surveyed in February 2021 and August 2021. In February 2021, participants were asked about their intention to get vaccinated against COVID-19 and the reasons behind it. In August 2021, the same group was asked about having been vaccinated, along with the reasons. RESULTS: A significant pro-vaccine shift from declared intent to behavior was observed, with many participants turning away from being anti-vaccine or undecided and getting vaccinated. Significant correlations with attitudes toward general mandatory vaccination of children were found. Increased support for anti-vaccine arguments was seen over time in the unvaccinated sample, and decreased support for pro-vaccine arguments was seen in the vaccinated sample. Several key arguments for and against vaccination were identified. CONCLUSIONS: Declared attitude toward COVID-19 vaccination is not fully consistent with vaccination behavior. Pro-vaccine changes in attitudes of previously anti-vaccine and undecided individuals indicate that these groups may be influenced to potentially accept the COVID-19 vaccination over time.

Mask-Wearing Behavior During the COVID-19 Pandemic: A Cross-Cultural Comparison Between the United States and South Korea.

This study identified and compared factors that directly and indirectly influenced face mask-wearing in the United States and South Korea during the COVID-19 pandemic by applying the theory of reasoned action. The overall levels of attitudes and future mask-wearing behavioral intention were lower for United States than Korean participants (N US = 150 and N South Korea = 150). Differences between the groups were noted in the impact of norms and background characteristics on attitudes and behavioral intention. Messages communicating the importance of wearing masks should be tailored to different cultures. Americans should be encouraged to try wearing masks on their own while Koreans should hear about the social benefits of mask-wearing.

Predictors of COVID-19 Preventive Behavior Adoption Intention in Malaysia.

Preventive behavior adoption is the key to reduce the possibility of getting COVID-19 infection. This paper aims to examine the determinants of intention to adopt preventive behavior by incorporating perception of e-government information and services and perception of social media into the theory of reasoned action. A cross-sectional online survey was carried out among Malaysian residents. Four hundred four valid responses were obtained and used for data analysis. A partial least-square-based path analysis revealed direct effects of attitude and subjective norm in predicting intention to adopt preventive behavior. In addition, perception of e-government information and services and perception of social media were found to be significant predictors of attitude toward preventive behavior. The findings highlight the importance of digital platforms in improving people's attitudes toward preventive behavior and in turn contain the spread of the infectious disease.

Examining models of psychologists' telepsychology use during the COVID-19 pandemic: A national cross-sectional study.

OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study is to apply the theory of reasoned action (TRA) and technology acceptance model (TAM) to psychologists' telepsychology use during the COVID-19 pandemic. METHODS: A sample of 2619 US-licensed psychologists completed a survey assessing telepsychology use and aspects of both models in May 2020. RESULTS: Cross-sectional TRA and TAM path models evidenced excellent fit in explaining psychologists' telepsychology use. The TRA indicated that psychologists' attitudes concerning telepsychology and subjective norms were associated with intentions to use telepsychology, which related to percentage of clinical work performed via telepsychology. The TAM showed that perceived usefulness of telepsychology and perceived ease of use were associated with attitudes toward telepsychology. Perceived usefulness was associated with psychologists' intention to use telepsychology, as was perceived ease of use. CONCLUSION: Efforts to facilitate telepsychology provision during the pandemic and broadly may benefit from trainings and campaigns to address attitudes toward telepsychology, subjective norms, and perceived ease of use.

Compliance with preventative measures during the COVID-19 pandemic in the USA and Canada: Results from an online survey.

This study explored people's compliance with recommended preventative measures during early stages of the COVID-19 pandemic. An online survey was administered in June 2020 in the USA and Canada (N = 1,405). Regression analysis found that when controlling for other factors, age and political ideology were significant predictors of compliance with preventative measures. A content analysis of narrative answers of compliance/noncompliance found that the majority of individuals intended to comply with preventative measures, with primary reasons as social responsibility, self-protection, and protection of family members. Reasons identified for not complying were viewing preventative practices as unnecessary, getting mixed messages from various sources about effectiveness, distrust in government and inability to comply. This study informs social workers on intervention strategies on micro, mezzo and macro levels of practice.